Area

Area is the size of the region enclosed within a plane figure. To the carpenter or carpet layer, who is concerned with the amount of material to be used, measurement of area is very important. Area is measured in square units. The most frequently used units of area are mm2, cm2 and m2. Land areas are often given in hectares (ha). 1 ha = 10 000 m2 The area of plane figures are often required to solve real world problems. Area of a Square
A square with sides of length s units has an area of A square units given by the formula
Example 1 Find the area of a square flower-bed of side 4.5 m. Solution:
So, the area is 20.25 m2.
Note: To find the area of a region enclosed within a plane figure, draw a diagram and write an appropriate formula. Then substitute the given values and use a calculator, if necessary, to obtain the required area.

Area of a Rectangle
A rectangle with length l units and width w units has an area of A square units given by the formula
Example 2 Find the area of a rectangular field 40 m long and 30 m wide. Solution:

Area of a Triangle
A triangle with base b units and height h units has an area of A square units given by the formula
Example 3 Find the area of a triangle with base 14 cm and height 10 cm. Solution:
Example 4

Perimeter

Perimeter is the distance around a closed figure. Perimeters can be measured in millimetres (mm), centimetres (cm), metres (m) and kilometres (km). These units are related as follows: Perimeters of the following figures are often required to solve real world problems.
Perimeter of a Square Recall that:
The perimeter, P, of a square is given by the formula: P = 4s where s is the length of any side of the square.
Example 1 Find the perimeter of a square paddock of side 35 m. Solution:
So, the perimeter is 140 m.

Perimeter of a Rectangle
The perimeter, P, of a rectangle is given by the formula P = 2(l + w) where l is the length and w is the width of the rectangle.
Example 2 Find the perimeter of a rectangular field of length 50 m and width 40 m. Solution:
So, the perimeter is 180 m.

Perimeter of a Triangle
The perimeter, P, of a triangle is given by the formula: P = a + b + c where a, b and c are the side lengths of the triangle.
Example 3 Find the perimeter, P, of the triangle shown. Solution: So, the perimeter is 24 cm. Example 1

fraction

Fractions are expressed as one number over another number, like this:



The number on the top is called the numerator and the number on the bottom is called the denominator.

EXAMPLE:

When you think of a fraction, think of a PIZZA!!

Suppose a pizza is cut evenly into the number of pieces in the DENOMINATOR. If the number of pieces YOU get is the NUMERATOR, the fraction of the pizza you get is:



Adding and taking away (subtracting) fractions can be pictured using slices of pizza. For example:





Multiplying fractions means cutting a portion into smaller portions. For example:



Unit 1 show you how to do this multiplication.

Dividing fractions means determining how many smaller pieces there are in a larger piece. For example:



Add and subtract like fractions

It's easy to add and subtract like fractions, or fractions with the same denominator. You just add or subtract the numerators and keep the same denominator. The tricky part comes when you add or subtract fractions that have different denominators. To do this, you need to know how to find the least common denominator. In an earlier lesson, you learned how to simplify, or reduce, a fraction by finding an equivalent, or equal, fraction where the numerator and denominator have no common factors. To do this, you divided the numerator and denominator by their greatest common factor.

In this lesson, you'll learn that you can also multiply the numerator and denominator by the same factor to make equivalent fractions.

Example 1

In this example, since 12 divided by 12 equals one, and any number multiplied by 1 equals itself, we know 36/48 and 3/4 are equivalent fractions, or fractions that have the same value. In general, to make an equivalent fraction you can multiply or divide the numerator and denominator of the fraction by any non-zero number.

Since only like fractions can be added or subtracted, we first have to convert unlike fractions to equivalent like fractions. We want to find the smallest, or least, common denominator, because working with smaller numbers makes our calculations easier. The least common denominator, or LCD, of two fractions is the smallest number that can be divided by both denominators. There are two methods for finding the least common denominator of two fractions:

Example 2

Method 1:
Write the multiples of both denominators until you find a common multiple.

The first method is to simply start writing all the multiples of both denominators, beginning with the numbers themselves. Here's an example of this method. Multiples of 4 are 4, 8, 12, 16, and so forth (because 1 × 4=4, 2 × 4=8, 3 × 4=12, 4 × 4=16, etc.). The multiples of 6 are 6, 12,…--that's the number we're looking for, 12, because it's the first one that appears in both lists of multiples. It's the least common multiple, which we'll use as our least common denominator.

Method 2:
Use prime factorization.

For the second method, we use prime factorization-that is, we write each denominator as a product of its prime factors. The prime factors of 4 are 2 times 2. The prime factors of 6 are 2 times 3. For our least common denominator, we must use every factor that appears in either number. We therefore need the factors 2 and 3, but we must use 2 twice, since it's used twice in the factorization for 4. We get the same answer for our least common denominator, 12.

Example 3

prime factorization of 4 = 2 × 2
prime factorization of 6 = 2 × 3
LCD = 2 × 2 × 3 = 12

Now that we have our least common denominator, we can make equivalent like fractions by multiplying the numerator and denominator of each fraction by the factor(s) needed. We multiply 3/4 by 3/3, since 3 times 4 is 12, and we multiply 1/6 by 2/2, since 2 times 6 is 12. This gives the equivalent like fractions 9/12 and 2/12. Now we can add the numerators, 9 + 2, to find the answer, 11/12.

Example 4

Example 1


Example 2


Example 3


Example 4

Angle

Angles

An angle measures the amount of turn

Names of Angles

As the Angle Increases, the Name Changes

Type of Angle	Description
Acute Angle	an angle that is less than 90°
Right Angle	an angle that is 90° exactly
Obtuse Angle	an angle that is greater than 90° but less than 180°
Straight Angle	an angle that is 180° exactly
Reflex Angle	an angle that is greater than 180°

Be Careful What You Measure

This is an Obtuse Angle.	And this is a Reflex Angle.
But the lines are the same ... so when naming the angles make sure that you know which angle is being asked for!

Parts of an Angle The corner point of an angle is called the vertex And the two straight sides are called arms The angle is the amount of turn between each arm.

Labelling Angles

There are two main ways to label angles: 1. by giving the angle a name, usually a lower-case letter like a or b, or sometimes a Greek letter like α (alpha) or θ (theta) 2. or by the three letters on the shape that define the angle, with the middle letter being where the angle actually is (its vertex). Example angle "a" is "BAC", and angle "θ" is "BCD"

Degrees (Angles)

We can measure Angles in Degrees. There are 360 degrees in one Full Rotation (one complete circle around). (Angles can also be measured in Radians)

(Note: "Degrees" can also mean Temperate, but here we are talking about Angles)

The Degree Symbol: °

We use a little circle ° following the number to mean degrees.

For example 90° means 90 degrees

One Degree

This is how large 1 Degree is

The Full Circle A Full Circle is 360° Half a circle is 180° (called a Straight Angle) Quarter of a circle is 90° (called a Right Angle)

Why 360 degrees? Probably because old calendars (such as the Persian Calendar) used 360 days for a year - when they watched the stars they saw them revolve around the North Star one degree per day.

Measuring Degrees

We often measure degrees using a protractor:

The normal protractor measures 0° to 180°

You can also get full-circle protractors. But they are not as commonly used because they are a bit

Supplementary Angles

Two Angles are Supplementary if they add up to 180 degrees.

These two angles (140° and 40°) are Supplementary Angles, because they add up to 180°. Notice that together they make a straight angle.
But the angles don't have to be together. These two are supplementary because 60° + 120° = 180°

		If the two angles add to 180°, we say they "Supplement" each other. Supplement comes from Latin supplere, to complete or "supply" what is needed.
		Spelling: be careful, it is not "Supplimentary Angle" (with an "i")

Complementary Angles

Two Angles are Complementary if they add up to 90 degrees (a Right Angle).

These two angles (40° and 50°) are Complementary Angles, because they add up to 90°. Notice that together they make a right angle.
But the angles don't have to be together. These two are complementary because 27° + 63° = 90°

Right Angled Triangle In a right angled triangle, the two acute angles are complementary, because in a triangle the three angles add to 180°, and 90° have been taken by the right angle.

		If the two angles add to 90°, we say they "Complement" each other. Complementary comes from Latin completum meaning "completed" ... because the right angle is thought of as being a complete (full) angle.
		Spelling: be careful, it is not "Complimentary Angle" (with an "i") ... that would be an angle you get for free!

Complementary vs Supplementary

Note: A related idea is supplementary Angles - those add up to 180°

How can you remember which is which? Easy! Think:

• "C" of Complementary stands for "Corner" (a Right Angle), and
• "S" of Supplementary stands for "Straight" (180 degrees is a straight line)

Parallel Lines, and Pairs of Angles

Parallel Lines

Lines are parallel if they are always the same distance apart (called "equidistant"), and will never meet. Just remember:

Always the same distance apart and never touching.

The red line is parallel to the blue line in both these cases:

Example 1		Example 2

Parallel lines also point in the same direction.

Pairs of Angles When parallel lines get crossed by another line, you can see that many angles are the same, as in this example: These angles can be made into pairs of angles which have special names.

Testing for Parallel Lines

Some of those special pairs of angles can be used to test if lines really are parallel:

If Any Pair Of ... Example: Corresponding Angles are equal, or a = e Alternate Interior Angles are equal, or c = f Alternate Exterior Angles are equal, or b = g Alternate Interior Angles add up to 180° d + f = 180° ... then the lines are Parallel

Examples

These lines are parallel, because a pair of corresponding angles are equal.
	These lines are not parallel, because a pair of Consecutive Interior Angles do not add up to 180° (81° + 101° =182°)
These lines are parallel, because a pair of Alternate Interior Angles are equal

Example 1


Example 2